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Done? While there’s not necessarily a “correct” answer here, it’s most likely you split the bugs into four clusters. The spiders in one cluster, the pair of snails in another, the butterflies and moth into one, and the trio of wasps and bees into one more.

That wasn’t too bad, was it? You could probably do the same with twice as many bugs, right? If you had a bit of time to spare — or a passion for entomology — you could probably even do this same with a hundred bugs.For a machine though, grouping ten objects into however many meaningful clusters is no small task, thanks to a mind-bending branch of maths called combinatorics, which tells us that are 115,975 different possible ways you could have grouped those ten insects together. Had there been twenty bugs, there would have been over fifty trillion possible ways of clustering them.

With a hundred bugs — there’d be many times more solutions than there are particles in the known universe. How many times more? By my calculation, approximately five hundred million billion billion times more. In fact, there are more than four million billion googol solutions (what’s a googol?). For just a hundred objects.Almost all of those solutions would be meaningless — yet from that unimaginable number of possible choices, you pretty quickly found one of the very few that clustered the bugs in a useful way.

Us humans take it for granted how good we are categorizing and making sense of large volumes of data pretty quickly. Whether it’s a paragraph of text, or images on a screen, or a sequence of objects — humans are generally fairly efficient at making sense of whatever data the world throws at us.Given that a key aspect of developing A.I. and Machine Learning is getting machines to quickly make sense of large sets of input data, what shortcuts are there available? Here, you can read about three clustering algorithms that can machines can use to quickly make sense of large datasets. This is by no means an exhaustive list — there are other algorithms out there — but they represent a good place to start!You’ll find for each a quick summary of when you might use them, a brief overview of how they work, and a more detailed, step-by-step worked example. I believe it helps to understand an algorithm by actually carrying out yourself. If you’re really keen, you’ll find the best way to do this is with pen and paper. Go ahead — nobody will judge!

There are several variations on the algorithm described here. The initial method of ‘seeding’ the clusters can be done in one of several ways. Here, we randomly assigned every player into a group, then calculated the group means. This causes the initial group means to tend towards being similar to one another, which ensures greater repeatability.

An alternative is to seed the clusters with just one player each, then start assigning players to the nearest cluster. The returned clusters are more sensitive to the initial seeding step, reducing repeatability in highly variable datasets. However, this approach may reduce the number of iterations required to complete the algorithm, as the groups will take less time to diverge.An obvious limitation to K-means clustering is that you have to provide a priori assumptions about how many clusters you’re expecting to find. There are methods to assess the fit of a particular set of clusters. For example, the Within-Cluster Sum-of-Squares is a measure of the variance within each cluster. The ‘better’ the clusters, the lower the overall WCSS.

 

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Single POst FULL-SCREEN HEADER

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Snowy and blue cloudless sky

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Last year I wrote about why booking too far in advance can be dangerous for your business, and this concept of margin so eloquently captures what I had recognized had been my problem: I was so booked up with clients

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Last year I wrote about why booking too far in advance can be dangerous for your business, and this concept of margin so eloquently captures what I had recognized had been my problem: I was so booked up with clients.
Last year I wrote about why booking too far in advance can be dangerous for your business, and this concept of margin so eloquently captures what I had recognized had been my problem: I was so booked up with clients
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam maximus vel orci id hendrerit. Nunc congue fringilla augue, quis convallis diam gravida non. Integer ipsum felis, laoreet ut faucibus sit amet, posuere ut enim. Nam convallis, arcu a gravida tempus, nisi tortor hendrerit est, non bibendum lorem odio in nunc. Etiam bibendum enim ut pharetra volutpat. Nunc et augue molestie, pretium libero quis, lacinia orci. Fusce sit amet lacinia sem, auctor ultricies ex. Morbi id purus in diam tincidunt bibendum lacinia nec est. Pellentesque at neque eget lectus sollicitudin egestas. Suspendisse id leo et mi venenatis mattis id vel lorem. Nunc suscipit dapibus orci quis sodales. Aliquam at varius diam, et tincidunt tortor.

Praesent suscipit sapien mattis, viverra nisi sit amet, malesuada nibh. Praesent ac dui ac nulla rutrum porttitor. Aenean in iaculis mi, eget vehicula neque. Quisque eget malesuada augue. Mauris sed dictum nunc. Pellentesque faucibus arcu arcu, id ornare nisl molestie ut. Donec vel arcu at quam varius dignissim. Curabitur ultrices suscipit dolor, a commodo sem fringilla at. Fusce laoreet orci libero, id sagittis mi mattis sed. Nulla placerat, dolor quis rhoncus vestibulum, nibh ex luctus libero, eu feugiat leo ante condimentum tellus.

Etiam tristique convallis vestibulum. Praesent dapibus, sem eu vestibulum blandit, turpis velit pellentesque enim, vitae tempor felis odio at diam. Phasellus tristique ornare tortor id condimentum. Mauris venenatis iaculis ultrices. Donec vel accumsan leo. Mauris accumsan vitae orci quis rhoncus. Morbi cursus ipsum ac urna dictum, vel tristique elit pharetra. Ut non blandit urna, id consectetur augue. Vestibulum sodales arcu eu ligula cursus auctor. Maecenas finibus sed nulla sed lacinia. Maecenas odio felis, semper quis nunc posuere, commodo volutpat velit. Sed pellentesque neque ut quam mattis pretium. Suspendisse sem turpis, lacinia id ornare eget, aliquam id sapien. Nunc lacinia faucibus nisl sed aliquet. Quisque egestas sit amet mauris sed efficitur.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam maximus vel orci id hendrerit. Nunc congue fringilla augue, quis convallis diam gravida non. Integer ipsum felis, laoreet ut faucibus sit amet, posuere ut enim. Nam convallis, arcu a gravida tempus, nisi tortor hendrerit est, non bibendum lorem odio in nunc. Etiam bibendum enim ut pharetra volutpat. Nunc et augue molestie, pretium libero quis, lacinia orci. Fusce sit amet lacinia sem, auctor ultricies ex. Morbi id purus in diam tincidunt bibendum lacinia nec est. Pellentesque at neque eget lectus sollicitudin egestas. Suspendisse id leo et mi venenatis mattis id vel lorem. Nunc suscipit dapibus orci quis sodales. Aliquam at varius diam, et tincidunt tortor.

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Last year I wrote about why booking too far in advance can be dangerous for your business, and this concept of margin so eloquently captures what I had recognized had been my problem: I was so booked up with clientsDigital audio technologies in the 2010s are used in the recording, manipulation, mass-production, and distribution of sound, including recordings of songs, instrumental pieces, podcasts, sound effects, and other sounds. Modern online music distribution depends on digital recording and data compression. The availability of music as data files, rather than as physical objects, has significantly reduced the costs of distribution.[1] Before digital audio, the music industry distributed and sold music by selling physical copies in the form of records and cassette tapes. With digital audio and online distribution systems such as iTunes, companies sell digital sound files to consumers, which the consumer receives over the Internet. This digital audio/Internet distribution model is much less expensive than producing physical copies of recordings, packaging them and shipping them to stores.
An analog audio system captures sounds, and converts their physical waveforms into electrical representations of those waveforms by use of a transducer, such as a microphone. The sounds are then stored, as on tape, or transmitted. The process is reversed for playback: the audio signal is amplified and then converted back into physical waveforms via a loudspeaker. Analog audio retains its fundamental wave-like characteristics throughout its storage, transformation, duplication, and amplification.
Analog audio signals are susceptible to noise and distortion, due to the innate characteristics of electronic circuits and associated devices. Disturbances in a digital system do not result in error unless the disturbance is so large as to result in a symbol being misinterpreted as another symbol or disturb the sequence of symbols. It is therefore generally possible to have an entirely error-free digital audio system in which no noise or distortion is introduced between conversion to digital format, and conversion back to analog.
A digital audio signal may be encoded for correction of any errors that might occur in the storage or transmission of the signal, but this is not strictly part of the digital audio process. This technique, known as “channel coding”, is essential for broadcast or recorded digital systems to maintain bit accuracy. The discrete time and level of the binary signal allow a decoder to recreate the analog signal upon replay. Eight to Fourteen Bit Modulation is a channel code used in the audio Compact Disc (CD).

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Last year I wrote about why booking too far in advance can be dangerous for your business, and this concept of margin so eloquently captures what I had recognized had been my problem: I was so booked up with clients

Just this week, Tumblr and Musical.ly joined the live video fray, launching new products just as details of Facebook’s spending more than $50 million on direct payments to creators primarily in live video emerged. It would not be hyperbole to say that everyone, from Google to Twitter to old-guard media companies, is currently making live video their top priority.Yet the human animal is ill-prepared for the droning feast of now-ness that live streaming delivers. Live products must do more to contextualize and direct what we are seeing and what creators are making.Using the current wave of live video products is like trying to make a thirty minute pop song using only a recorder: horribly tedious for creator and consumer alike. The hook is superficially appealing, but the length, repetition, lulls, lack of context, and general paucity of the tools mean even the best creators and media companies won’t stand a chance of making marginally watchable content.Most of the current thinking on live video is top-down. Like any good consumer tech product, the only way to succeed is thinking from the consumer’s point-of-view, not the advertisers’. Few platforms are doing that, blinded by the (legitimately substantial) profit live video dominance could deliver.Just this week, Tumblr and Musical.ly joined the live video fray, launching new products just as details of Facebook’s spending more than $50 million on direct payments to creators primarily in live video emerged. It would not be hyperbole to say that everyone, from Google to Twitter to old-guard media companies, is currently making live video their top priority.Yet the human animal is ill-prepared for the droning feast of now-ness that live streaming delivers. Live products must do more to contextualize and direct what we are seeing and what creators are making.Using the current wave of live video products is like trying to make a thirty minute pop song using only a recorder: horribly tedious for creator and consumer alike. The hook is superficially appealing, but the length, repetition, lulls, lack of context, and general paucity of the tools mean even the best creators and media companies won’t stand a chance of making marginally watchable content.

Most of the current thinking on live video is top-down. Like any good consumer tech product, the only way to succeed is thinking from the consumer’s point-of-view, not the advertisers’. Few platforms are doing that, blinded by the (legitimately substantial) profit live video dominance could deliver.